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The symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia collectively point to a deficiency of Niacin, also known as Vitamin B3. This vitamin plays a crucial role in the body's metabolic processes and is important for converting food into energy, maintaining skin health, and supporting the nervous system. A severe deficiency of Niacin can lead to a condition known as Pellagra, characterized by the three D's: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, and Dementia.

Each of the other vitamins mentioned has distinct deficiencies leading to different symptoms. Vitamin B12 deficiency, for instance, often results in anemia and neurological issues rather than the specific triad of symptoms seen with Niacin deficiency. Similarly, Vitamin D deficiency primarily affects bone health and can lead to conditions like osteomalacia or rickets, while Thiamine deficiency is associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, primarily affecting the nervous system and metabolism. Thus, the combination of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia is uniquely associated with Niacin deficiency.